一、 有机合成中常见的类
Acetal 缩醛 [化]乙缩醛, 乙缩醛二乙醇
acet yl- 乙酰
Acetylide 炔化物
acid 酸
Active hydrogen compounds 活泼氢化合物
Acyl azide 酰叠氮
Acyl chloride 酰氯
Acyl cyanide 酰腈
Acyl fluoride 酰氟
Acyl halide 酰卤
Acyl iodide 酰碘
Acyl peroxide 酰基过氧化物
Acyl rtomide 酰溴
Acyl tosylate 酰基对甲苯磺酸酐
Acyloin 偶姻
Aglycon 苷元
-al 醛
alcohol 醇
Alcohol 醇
Aldehyde hydrate 醛水合物
Aldehyde 醛
-aldehyde 醛
Aldimine 醛肟
Aldimine 醛亚胺
Alditol 糖醇
Aldol 羟醛
Aldose 醛糖
aldoxime 硝酮
Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物
Aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物
alkali- 碱
Alkane 烷
Alkene 烯
alkoxy- 烷氧基
Alkyen 炔
Alkyl halide 卤代烷
Allene 丙二烯
Allophanate 脲基甲酸酯
allyl 丙烯基 ’
Amide 酰胺
-amide 酰胺
Amidine 脒
-amidine 脒
Aminal 缩醛胺
Amine oxide 氧化胺
Amine 胺
-amine 胺
Amino acid 氨基酸
amino- 氨基的
-ane 烷
anhydride 酐
anilino- 苯胺基
aquo- 含水的
-ase 酶
-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯
-atriyne 三炔
Azine 嗪
azo- 偶氮
benzene 苯
Betaine 甜菜碱
bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐
bis- 双
-borane 硼烷
bromo- 溴
butyl 丁基 .
-caboxylic acid 羧酸
Cage compound 螺烷
Carbamate 氨基甲酸酯
Carbammic acid 氨基甲酸
-carbinol 甲醇
Carbobenzoxy chloride 苄氧甲酰氯
Carbodiimide 碳二亚胺
Carbohydrate 碳水化合物
Carbon acid 碳氢酸
Carbon suboxide 二氧化三碳
carbonyl 羰基
Carboxylic acid 羧酸
Catenane 轮烷
Ccumulene 累积多烯
Cellosolve 溶纤剂
centi- 10-2
chloro- 氯代
cis- 顺式
condensed 缩合的、冷凝的
Crown ether 冠醚
Cyanamide 氨腈
Cyanohydrin 羟腈
cyclo- 环
Cycloalkene 环烷
deca- 十
deci 10-1
Detone 酮
Diazoalkane 重氮烷
Diene 双烯
-dine 啶
Dithiane 二噻烷
Diyne 二炔
dodeca- 十二
Enamine 烯胺
-ene 烯
Enol ester 烯醇酯
Enol ether 烯醇醚
Enol 烯醇
Enyne 烯炔
epi- 表
Epoxide 环氧化物
epoxy- 环氧
Ester 酯
-ester 酯
Ether 醚
-ether 醚
ethoxy- 乙氧基
ethyl 乙基
fluoro- 氟代
form 仿
Furanose 呋喃糖
Glucoside 葡[萄]糖苷
Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸
Glycol 二醇
-glycol 二醇
Glycoside 糖苷
hemi- 半
Hemiacetal 半缩醛
hendeca- 十一
hepta- 七
heptadeca- 十七
hexa- 六
hexadeca- 十六
Homoallylic alcohol 高烯丙醇
Hpdrocarbon 碳氢化合物
Hydantion 乙内酰脲
Hydrazide 酰肼
Hydrazone 腙
-hydrin 醇
hydro- 氢或水
hydroxyl 羟基
hypo- 低级的，次
-ic 酸的，高价金属
-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替 胺，酐
-il 偶酰
Imide 二酰亚胺
imine 亚胺
-imine 亚胺
Inner salt 内盐
iodine 碘
iodo- 碘代
iso- 异，等，同
Isonitrile 异腈
-ite 亚酸盐
Ketal 缩酮
Ketene 乙烯酮
Keto ester 酮酸酯
keto- 酮
Ketone hydrate 酮水合物
ketone 酮
Ketose 酮糖
Lactam 内酰胺
Lactol 内半缩醛
Lactone 内酯
-lactone 内酯
Macrolide 大环内酯
Mannich base 曼尼希碱
mega- 106
Mercaptan 硫醇
meta- 间，偏
methoxy- 甲氧基
methyl 甲基
micro- 10-6
milli- 10-3
mono- ( mon-) 一，单
nano- 10-9
N-bromo compound N-溴化物
Netro compound 硝基化合物
Nitrile oxide 氧化腈
Nitrile 腈
nitro- 硝基
nitroso- 亚硝基
nona- 九
nonadeca- 十九
octa- 八
octadeca- 十八
-oic 酸的
-ol 醇9 a$ f! Q, H: [5 n& G
Oligosaccharide 寡糖
-one 酮
ortho- 邻，正，原
orthoester 原酸酯
Osazone 脎
-ous 亚酸的，低价金属
oxa- 氧杂
-oxide 氧化合物
Oxime 肟
-oxime 肟
Oxime 亚硝基化合物
oxo- 酮
oxy- 氧化
-oyl 酰
para- 对位，仲
Paraffin wax 石蜡
penta- 五
pentadeca- 十五
Peptide 肽
per- 高，过
Peracid 过酸
Perester 过酸酯
petro- 石油
phenol 苯酚
phenyl 苯基
pico- 10-12
Pinacol 频哪醇
poly- 聚，多
Polysaccharide 多糖
Propellane 笼型化合物
Pyranose 吡喃糖
quadri- 四
Quaternaryammonium com-pound 季铵化合物
quinque- 五
Rotazane 螺桨烷
Rused ring 索烃
Saccharide 糖类
semi- 半
Semicarbazone 缩氯基脲
septi- 七
sesqui 一个半
Spirane 环烯
sulfa- 磺胺
Sulfone 砜
Sulfonic acid 磺酸
Sulfoxide 亚砜
Super acid 超酸
sym- 对称
syn- 顺式，同，共
ter- 三 -
tetra- 四
tetradeca- 十四
tetrakis- 四个
thio- 硫代
thio- 硫代
Thioester 硫代酸酯
Thiol acid 硫羰酸
trans- 反式，超，跨
trans- 反式，超，跨
tri- 三
tri- 三
trideca- 十三
Triene 三烯
tris- 三个
undeca- 十一 .
uni- 单，一
unsym- 不对称的，偏位
Urea 脲
Wax 蜡
-yl 基
-ylene 撑(二价基，价在不同原子上)
Ynamine 炔胺
-yne 炔
Zwitterions 两性离子
二、有机合成中常见术语
1,4-addition 1，4-加成
Absolute configuration 绝对构型
Abstraction 夺取[反应]
Achiral 非手性[的]
Aci form 酸式
Acid-base catalyxed reaction 酸性溶剂
Acid-base catalyzed reaction 酸碱催化反应
Activating group 活化基团
Acyl cation 酰[基]正离子
Acyl rearrangement 酰基重排
Acylation 酰化
Acyloin condensation 偶姻缩合
Acylolysis,acyl cleavage 酰基裂解
acyloxyation 酰氧基化
Addition-elimination mechanism 加成消除机理
Additive dimerization 加成二聚
Alcoholysis 醇解
Aldol condensation 羟醛缩合
Alkylation 烷基化
Alkylidene group 亚烷基
Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage 烷基裂解
Allyl group 烯丙基
Allylic halogenation 烯丙型卤化
Allylic hydroperoxylation 烯丙型氢过氧化
Allylic migration 烯丙型迁移
Allylic migration 烯丙型重排
Allylic 烯丙型[的]
Alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃
Ambident 两可[的]
Amination 氨基化
Aminomercuration 氨汞化
Aminomethylation 氨甲基化
Amphi position 远位
Angular methyl group 角甲基
Anionic cleavage 负离子裂解
Anionic cycloaddition 负离子环加成
Anionotropic rearrangement 负离子转移重排
Anionotropy 负离子转移
Annulation,annelation 增环反应
Anomer 端基[差向]异构体
Anomeric effect 端基异构效应
Antarafacial reaction 异面反应
Anti conformation 反式构象
Anti periplanar conformation 反叠构象
Antiaromaticity 反芳香性
Anti-Markovnikov addition 反马氏加成
Anti-Zaitsev orientation 反札依采夫定向
Apofacial reaction 反面反应
Arenirm ion 芳[基]正离子
Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion 芳香亲核取代
Aromatic sexter 芳香六隅
Aromaticity 芳香性
Aromatization 芳构化
Aryl action 芳正离子
Aryl group 芳基
Arylation 芳基化
Asymmetric atom 不对称原子
Asymmetric carbon 不对称碳
Atropismer 阻转异构体
Autoxidation 自氧化
Auxochrome 助色团
Axial bond 直[立]键
B strain 后张力
Backside attack 背面进攻
Banana bond 香蕉键
Basic solvent 碱性溶剂
Benzilic rearrangement 二苯乙醇酸重排
Benzyl group 苄基
Benzylic cation 苄[基]正离子
Benzylic 苄型[的]
Benzyne 苯炔
Bimllecular base-catalyzed al- kyl-oxygen cleavage 双分子碱催化烷氧断裂
Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage 双分子碱催化酰氧断裂
Bimolecular electrophilic substi-tution 双分子亲电取代
Bimolecular elimination through the conjugate base 双分子共轭碱消除
Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a carbonyl group 双分子羰基形成消除
Bimolecular elimination 双分子消除
Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution 双分子亲核取代
Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allylic rearrange-ment) 双分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排）
Bimolecular reduction 双分子还原
Bisamination 双氨基化
Bisecting conformation 等分构象
Boat conformation 船型构象
Borderline mechanism 边理机理
Bredt rule 布雷特规则
Briddgehead displacement 桥头取代
Bridged-ring system 桥环体系
C- alkylation C-烷基化
Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence 顺序规则
Carbalkoxylation 烷氧羰基化
Carbanion 碳负离子
Carbene 卡宾
Carbenoid 卡宾体
Carbine 碳炔
Carboamidation 氨羰基化
Carbocation 碳正离子
carbonylation 羧基化
Carboxylation 羧基化
Catalytic dehydrogenation 催化脱氢
Catalytic hydrogenation 催化氢化
Cationotropic rearrangement 正离子转移重排
Chair conformation 椅型构象
Chelation 螯环化
Chiletropic reaction 螯键反应
Chiral center 手性中心
Chiral molecule 手性分子
Chiral 手性[的]
Chirality 手性
Chlorocarbonylation 氯羰基化
Chlorosulfenation 氯亚磺酰化
Chlorosulfonation 氯磺酰化
Cholromethylation 氯甲基化
Chromophore 生色团
Cine substitution 移位取代
Cisoid conformation 顺向构象
Cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构
Common ring 普通环
Condensation 缩合
Configuration 构型
Conformation 构象
Conformational effect 构象效应
Conformational inversion 构象反转
Conformational transmission 构象传递
Conformational 构象分析
Conformer 构象异构体
Conjugate addition 共轭加成
Conjugate base 共轭碱
Conjugate base 共轭酸
Conjugated-system 共轭体系
Conjugation 共轭
Conrotatory 顺旋
Coordinate-covalent bond 配位共价键
Counrer[gegen]ion 反荷离子
Coupling reaction 偶联反应
Cram’s rube 克拉姆规则
Cross aldol condensation 交叉羟醛缩合
Cross conjugation 交叉共轭
Cross-coupling reaction 交叉偶联反应
Cyanoethylation 氰乙基化
Cyanomethylation 氰甲基化
Cyclization 环化
Cycloaddition 环加成
Deactivating group 钝化基团
Deamination 脱氨基
Decarbonylation 脱羰
Decarboxamidation 脱酰胺
Decarboxylation 脱羧
Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧卤化
Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧硝化
Decyanation 脱氰基
Decyanoethylation 脱氰乙基
Dehalogenation 脱卤
Dehydrohalogenation 脱卤化氢
Delocalezed bond 离域键
Demethylation 脱甲基化
Deoxygenation 脱氧
Deselenization 脱硒
Desulfonation 脱磺酸基
Desulfurization 脱硫
Dextro isomer 右旋异构体
Diamagnetic ring cruuent 抗磁环电流
Diastereomer 非对映[异构]体
Diastereotopic 非对映异位[的]
Diaxial addition 双直键加成
Diazo transfer 重氮基转移
Diazonium coupling 重氮偶联
Diazotization 重氮化
Dielectric constant 介电常数
Diels-Alder reaction 第尔斯-尔德反应
Diene synthesis 双烯合成
Dienophile 亲双烯体
Dimerization 二聚
Dipolar addition 偶极加成
Disroatatory 对旋
Dissolving metal reduction 溶解金属还原
D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系
Double bond migration 双键移位
E isomer E异构体
Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象
Eclipsing effect 重叠效应
Eclipsing strain 重叠张力
Electrical effect 电场效应
Electrochemical oxidation 电化学氧化
Electrochemical reduction 电化学还原
Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环[化]重排
Electrofuge 离电体
Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomplex 电子给[体]受体络合物
Electron transfer 电子转移
Electron-donating group 给电子基团
Electron-Withdrawing group 吸电子基团
Electrophile 亲电体
Electrophilic addition 亲电加成
Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion 亲电芳香取代
Electrophilic rearrangement 亲电重排
Electrophilic substitution 亲电取代
elimination -消除
-elimination -消除
Elimination-addition 消除-加成
Enantiomer 对映[异构]体
Enantiotopic 对映异位[腯
Endo addition 内型加成
Endo isomer 内型异构体
Ene synthesis 单烯合成
Enolization 烯醇化
Envelope conformation 信封[型]构象
Epimer 差向异构体
Epoxidation 环氧化
Equatorial bond 平[伏]键
Erythro configuration 赤型构型
Erythro isomer 赤型异构体
Esterification 酯化
Ethanolysis 乙醇解
Ethylation 乙基化
Exhaustive methylation 彻底甲基化
Exo addition 外型加成
Exo isomer 外型异构体
F strain 前张力
Field effect 场效应
Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式
Flash pyrolysis 闪热裂
Fluxional structure 循变结构
Forbidden transition 禁阻跃迁
Formylation 甲酰化
Fragmentation 碎裂
Gauche conformation, skew con-formation 邻位交叉构象
Guest 客体
Half-chair conformation 半椅型构象
Haloalkylation 卤烷基化
Haloform reaction 卤仿反应
Hammond postulate 哈蒙德假说
Helical molecule 螺旋型分子
Heterogeneous hydrogenation 多相氢化
Heterolysis 异裂
Heterolytic michanism 异裂机理
Heterotopic 异位[的]
Hofmann’s rule 霍夫曼规则
Homoaromaticity 同芳香性
Homochiral 纯手性[的]
Homogeneous hydrogenation 均相氢化
Homolog 同系物
Homologization 同系化
Homolysis 均裂
Homosigmatropic rearrangement 同迁移重排
Homotopic 等位[的]
Host 主体
Huckel’rule 休克尔规则
Hydroacylation 加氢酰化
Hydroboration 硼氢化
Hydrocarboxylation 氢羧基化
Hydroformylation 加氢甲酰基化
Hydrogenolysis 氢解
Hydrometallation 氢金属化
Hydroxyalkylation 羟烷基化
Hydroxylation 羟基化
Hydroxymethylation 羟甲基化
Hyperconjugation 超共轭
I strain 内张力
Imine-enamine atutomerism 亚胺-烯胺互变异构
Inductive effect 诱导效应
Initiation 引发
Insertion 插入
Intermediate 中间体
Internal abstraction 内夺取[反应]
Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion 分子内亲核取代
Internal return 内返
Inverse isotope effect 逆同位素效应
Inversion 反转
Ion pair 离子对
Ipso position 本位
Isoinversion 等反转
Isomerism 异构[现象]
Isoracemization 等消旋
Isovalent hyperconjugation 等价超共轭
Keto-enol tautomerism 酮-烯醇互变异构
-ketol rearrangement -酮醇重排
Ketyl radical 羰自由基
Kinetic acidity 动力学酸度
Kinetic control 动力学控制
Laevo isomer 左旋异构体
Large angle strain 大角张力
Large ring 大环
Leaving group 离去基团
Leois structure 路易斯结构
Linear free energy 线性自由能
Lithiation 锂化
Magnetically anisotropic group 磁各向异性基团
Markovnikov’s rube 马尔科夫尼科规则
Masked carbanion 掩蔽碳负离子
Mechanism 机理
Medium rimg 中环
Mercuration 汞化
Meso compound 内消旋化合物
Mesomeric effect 中介效应
Meta directing group 间位定位基
Meta position 间位
Michael addition 迈克尔加成
Microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性
Migration 迁移
Migratory aptitude 迁移倾向
Mirror symmetry 镜面对称
Mitallation 金属化
Mobius system 默比乌斯体系
Molecular orbiral method 分子轨道法
N-alkylation N-烷基化
Neighboring group effect 邻基效应
Neighboring group participation 邻基基参与
Neighboring proup assistance,anchimeric assistance 邻助作用
Neoman projection 纽曼投影式
Nitration 硝化
Nitrene 氮宾
Nitrosation 亚硝化
No-bond resonance 无键共振
Non-alternant hydrocarbon 非交替烷
Non-bonded interaction 非键相互作用
Nonclassical carbocation 非经典碳正离子
Nucleofuge 离核体
Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu-lar electrophilic substitution 亲核体协助单分子亲电取代
Nucleophilic reaction 亲核反应
Nucleophilicity 亲核体
Nucleophilicity 亲核性
O- alkylation O-烷基化
Octahedral compound 八面体化合物
Optical activity 光学活性
Orinentation 取向
Ortho effect 邻位效应
Ortho position 邻位
Ortho-para directing group 邻对位定位基
Oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧
Oxo process 羰基合成
Oxonolysis 臭氧解
Oxyamination 羟氨基化
Oxymercuration 羟汞化
Para position 对位
Paramagnetic ring current 顺磁环电流
Partial bond fixation 键[的]部分固定化
Partial rate factor 分速度系数
Pauling electronegativity scale 鲍林电负性标度
Peri position 近位
Pericyclic reaction 周环反应
Phantom atom 虚拟原子
Phase-transfer catalysis 相转移催化
Phenol-keto tautomerism 酚-酮互变异构
Phenyl group 苯基
Photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排
Photoisomerization 光异构化
photooxidation 光氧化
Photosensitization 光敏化
Pinacol rearrangement 频哪醇重排
Pitzer strain 皮策张力
Plane of symmetry 对称面
Polarizability 可极化性
Prelog’rule 普雷洛格规则
Primary isotope effect 一级同位素效应
Prochirality 前手性
Pro-R group 前R基团
Pro-S proup 前S基团
Prototropic rearrangement 质了转移重排
Prototropy 质子转移
Pseudoasymmetric carbon 假不对称碳
Pseudorotation 假旋转
Puckered ring 折叠环
Push-pull effect 推拉效应
Pyrolytic elimination 热解消除
Quasi recemate 准外消旋体
Racemic compound 外消旋化合物
Racemic mixture 外消旋混合物
Racemic solid solution 外消旋固体溶液
Racemization 外消旋化
Radical anion 自由基负离子
Radical cation 自由基正离子
Radical ion 自由基离子
Re face Re面
Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体
Rearrangement 重排
Reductive acylation 还原酰化
Reductive alkylation 还原烷基化
Reductive dimerization 还原二聚
Regioselectivity 区域选择性
Regiospecificity 区域专一性
Resonance effect 共振效应
Resonance 共振
Restricted rotation 阻碍旋转
Retention of configuration 构型保持
Retro Diels-Alder reaction 逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应
Retrograde aldol condensation 逆羟醛缩合
Retropinacol rearrangement 逆频哪醇重排
Ring clsure 环合
Ring contraction 环缩小[反应]
Ring expansion,ring enlargement 扩环[反应]
Ring-chain tautomerism 环-链互变异构
Rotamer 旋转异构体
R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S命名体系
Saponification 皂化
Seco alkylation 断裂烷基化
Secondary isotope effect 二级同位数效应
Selenylation 硒化
Semipinacol rearrangement 半频哪醇重排
Si face Si面
Sigmatropic rearrangement -迁移重排
Silylation 硅烷[基]化
Single electron transfer 单电子转移
Skew boat conformation 扭船型构象
Small-angle strain 小角张力
Smally ring 小环
Solvated electron 溶剂化电子
Solvent effect 溶剂效应
Spiro compound 螺环化合物
Spiroannulation 螺增环
Staggered conformation 对位交叉构象
Stereocelectivity 立体选择性
Stereochemical orientation 立体[化学]取向
Stereochemistry 立体化学
Stereoisomerism 立体异构[现象]
Stereospecificty 立体专一性
Steric effect 空间效应
Steric hindrance 位阻
Substitution 取代
Substrate 底物
Sulfenylation 亚磺酰化
Sulfonation 磺化
Sulfonylation 磺酰化
sulfurization 硫化
Symmetry factor 对称因素
Symmetry forbidden-reaction 对称禁阻反应
Synclinal conformation 反错构象
Synclinal conformation 顺错构象
Synfacial reaction 同面反应
Synperiplanar conformation 顺叠构象
tautomerism 互变异构
Tautomerization 互变异构化
Tetrahedral configuration 四面体构型
Therm odynamic acidity 热力学酸度
Thermodynamic control 热力学控制
Threo configuration 苏型构型
Threo isomer 苏型异构体
Torsion angle 扭转角
Torsional effect 扭转效应
Transacetalation 缩醛交换
Transamination 氨基交换
Transannular insertion 跨环插入
Transannular interaction 跨环相互作用
Transannular rearrangement 跨环重排
Transannular strain 跨环张力
Transesterification 酯交换
Transfer hydrogenation 转移氢化
Transoid conformation 反向构象
Trigonal carbon 三角型碳
Trigonal hybridization 三角杂化
Trimefization 三聚
Twist conformation 扭型构象
Umbrella effect 伞效应
Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage 单分子酸催化酰氧断裂
Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavage 单分子酸催化烷氧断裂
Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution 单分子亲电取代
Unimolecular elimination through the conjugate base 单分子共轭碱消除
Unimolecular elimination 单分子消除
Unimolecular nucleophilic 单分子亲核取代
Valence bond method 价键法
Valence tautomerism 价互变异构
Vinylog 插烯物
Walden inversion 瓦尔登反转
Z isomer Z异构体
Zaitsev rule 札依采夫规则
α-effect α-效应
π-allyl complex mechanism π烯丙型络合机理
三、有机合成中常见的句型
Part 1: 反应前的装置描述
1.1: A 3 L three-necked round bottom flask equipped with mechanical stirrer (or magnetic stirrer), addition funnel and thermometer (or Dean-Stock; drying tube)
1.2: All flasks used in the reaction were heated under vacuum for 30 minutes and purged with N2 for 10 minutes. (无水反应装置)
Part 2: 加料
2.1: 不同的顺序和表达
2.1.1: A 3 L three-necked round bottom flask equipped with mechanical stirrer (or magnetic stirrer), addition funnel and thermometer (or Dean-Stock; drying tube) were charged with A
(10 mL, 1 mole), B (2 g, mole) and C (50 mL),
2.1.1.1: a solution of D (10 g, 1 mole) in E (20 mL) was added dropwise (via addition funnel or syringe) at 10oC (or while maintaining gentle reflux; while keeping inner temperature between 10oC – 30oC) under N2 （液体滴加到反应液中）
2.1.1.2: D (10 g, 1 mole) was added in portions during a period of 1 hr (固体分批加入到反应液中)
2.1.1.3: D (10 g, 1 mole) and E (20 mL) were added in turn
2.2: To a solution (mixture, suspension or slurry) of A (10 mL, 1 mole) and B (2 g, mole) in C (50 mL)
2.2.1: was added dropwise a solution of D (10 g, 1 mole) in E (20 mL) with stirring at 10oC (or while maintaining gentle reflux; while keeping inner temperature between 10oC – 30oC) under N2
2.2.2: was added D (10 g, 1 mole) in portions during a period of 1 hr
2.2.3: were added D (10 g, 1 mole) and E (20 mL) in turn
2.3:
2.3.1: A solution of D (10 g, 1 mole) in E (20 mL) was added dropwise into a solution (mixture or suspension) of A (10 mL, 1 mole) and B (2 g, mole) in C (50 mL) at 10oC (or while maintaining gentle reflux; while keeping inner temperature between 10oC – 30oC) under
N2
2.3.2: D (10 g, 1 mole) was added into a solution (mixture or suspension) of A (10 mL, 1 mole) and B (2 g, mole) in C (50 mL) in portions
2.3.3: D (10 g, 1 mole) and E (20 mL) were added into a solution (mixture or suspension) of A (10 mL, 1 mole) and B (2 g, mole) in C (50 mL) in turn
2.4:
2.4.1: A solution of BuLi or BH3/THF (10 mL, 1 mole, 2.5 M in hexane) was cannulated into addition funnel or into a solution A in solvent B
2.4.2: A solution of BuLi or BH3/THF (10 mL, 1 mole, 2.5 M in hexane) was added into a solution of A in solvent B via cannula, dropping funnel or syringe over a period of hrs
Part 3: 反应
3.1: 无溶剂反应
A (1 g, 1 mol) and B (1 g, 1 mol) were dissolved in solvent C, evaporated to dryness and heated for x hours at x oC
3.2: 催化量的反应
A (20 mL, 142 mmol) and catalytic amount (a trace amount or two drops) of B were added into a solution of C (4.549 g, 46.4 mmol) in D(120mL) at 0 oC
3.3: 闷罐反应或封管反应
A solution of A (x g, x mol) in methanol (x mL) saturated with NH3 (or other gas such as: CO, CO2, H2S) was stirred under 50 Psi at x oC for x hours in a 50 mL of sealed tube or autoclave.
3.4: 有气体参与的反应
3.4.1: A solution of A (x g, x mol) in methanol (x mL) saturated with HCl was stirred at x ℃.
3.4.2: Ozone was bubbled into a solution of A (x g, x mol) in MeOH (x mL) at x oC for 15 minutes. After excess O3 was purged by N2, Me2S (x mL) was added at x oC.
3.4.3: Gas was bubbled into a solution of A (x g, x mol) and B (x g, x mol) in solvent C (x mL) at x oC for x hours.
3.5: 混合溶剂参与的反应
3.5.1: To a solution of A (x g, x mol) in a mixture of solvent B (mL) and solvent C (x mL) (or a mixed solvent of B and C) was added D (x g, x mol) at x oC, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir (reflux or heat) for x hrs.
3.5.2: To a solution of A (x g, x mol) in 10: 1 aqueous acetone (x mL) was added B (x g, x mol) followed by addition of C (x g, x mol), the reaction mixture was allowed to stir (reflux or heat) for x hrs.
3.6: 分水器分水的反应
3.6.1: A (x g, x mol) and B (x g, x mol) in benzene or toluene (x mL) were refluxed for x hours with azeotropical removal of water.
3.6.2; A mixture of A, B and TsOH.H2O (56.91 g, 0.3 mol) in toluene (400 mL) was heated to reflux and remove water by Dean-Stark trap.
3.7: 氢化反应
To a solution of A (x g, x mol) in EtOH (x mL) was added Pd-C or Ra-Ni or Pd(OH)2/C (10%, x g) under N2. The suspension was degassed under vacuum and purged with H2 several times.
3.7.1: The mixture was stirred under H2 (x psi) at x ℃ for x hours. [氢化瓶或高压釜]
3.7.2: The mixture was stirred under H2 balloon at x ℃ for x hours. [常压氢化如气球反应]
3.7.3: A mixture of A (x g, x mol) and Ra-Ni (x g) in EtOH (x mL) was hydrogenated under 50 Psi of hydrogen pressure for x hours at room temperature.
Part 4: 反应条件或过程描述
4.1: The reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was stirred at 5oC for 2 hrs and then kept at room temperature (or ambient temperature) for another 2 hrs (or overnight)
4.2: The reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was refluxed (heated to reflux) or heated at 60oC for 2 hrs (or overnight)
4.3: The reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was allowed to reflux (or heat to reflux) for 2 hrs (or overnight)
4.4: The reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was allowed to warm to temperature during 2 hrs and reflux (or heat to reflux) for 2 hrs (or overnight)
Part 5: 反应监测
5.1: Taking sample from the reaction mixture (solution or suspension) by dropping tube or syringe. After workup, check the reaction via TLC, LC-MS or HPLC etc… (预处理)
5.2: 反应状态或终点描述
5.2.1: The reaction was complete (incomplete or messy) detected (determined or confirmed) by TLC (PE/EtOAc 4:1), LC-MS, HPLC or NMR
5.2.2: TLC (PE:EtOAc=1:1) or HPLC (107757-088-1) showed or indicated that the reaction was complete.
5.2.3: TLC (PE:EtOAc=1:1) or HPLC (107757-088-1) showed the starting material was consumed completely.
5.2.4: TLC (PE:EA=1:1) or HPLC (107757-088-1) showed the reaction didn’t work at all or most of starting material was still remained.
5.2.5: The starting material was consumed completely, but no desired compound was detected or determined by MS (106657-078-1) or LC-MS (106657-078-1).
5.2.6: Several spots were shown on TLC.
5.2.7: Only a trace amount of desired compound was detected by MS (106657-078-1) or LC-MS (106657-078-1) or HPLC (106657-078-1) or TLC (PE:EtOAc=1:1).
5.2.8: The desired compound could not be isolated, separated or purified by chromatography or prep. HPLC due to poor yield or poor solubility.
5.2.9:1H NMR (106675-010-2) or MS confirmed the obtained (or isolated) compound is not the desired compound. The reaction was failed.
Part 6: 反应淬灭
6.1: An aqueous solution of A (10 mL) was added dropwise into the reaction mixture once the reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was allowed to warm (or cool) to -5oC or room temperature (ambient temperature).
6.2: The hot (or cold) reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was poured into water (ice water) or poured onto ice.
6.3: The reaction mixture (solution or suspension) was concentrated (distilled) under reduced pressure (in vacuum) or evaporated to remove MeOH (THF; DMF etc.) or excess SOCl2 (reagent). Then the reaction residue (or the residual) was diluted with solvent and poured into water (ice water) or poured onto ice.
Part 7: 分液提取
7.1: The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and 1N aq. HCl (50 mL). The separated organic layer was washed with water, dried over (Na2SO4 or MgSO4) and evaporated to dryness.
7.2: After quenching the reaction, the reaction mixture was poured into separatory funnel and separated.
7.3: The aqueous layer (or phase) was extracted with organic solvent (40 mL) twice (or X times). The combined organic layers were (or the organic layers were combined and) washed with an aqueous solution of A (50 mL) or water and dried over Na2SO4 or MgSO4.
7.4: The combined aqueous layers were extracted with solvent (40 mL) twice (or X times) to remove neutral impurities. The aqueous phase was acidified (or basified) with aqueous HCl (or NaHCO3) till PH = X and extracted with organic solvent.
7.5: The combined organic layers were (or the organic layers were combined and) washed with an aqueous solution of A (50 mL) or water and dried over Na2SO4 or MgSO4.
Part 8: 浓缩蒸发
8.1: After filtration via filter paper or Celite pad, the organic layer (or extract) was concentrated under reduced pressure (or in vacuum) or evaporated to dryness to provide (afford; give or yield) an oil (or foam) (which solidified on standing) or a white solid.
8.2: The organic layer (or extract) was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (or in vacuum) or evaporated to dryness to provide (afford or give) A (10 g, 0.5 mole) an oil (or foam) (which solidified on standing) or a white solid.
8.3: After removal of solvent by evaporation or concentration, A (10 g, 0.5 mole) was obtained (or prepared) an oil (or foam) (which solidified on standing) or a white solid.
8.4: The extract in CH2Cl2 was evaporated to dryness and then swapped with toluene to remove residual CH2Cl2.
Part 9: 几种常见的后处理描述
9.1: The reaction mixture or solution was concentrated to dryness. [适用于反应液不需要quench]
9.2: After the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 ℃, the reaction mixture was quenched by addition of x mL of H2O, followed by x mL of 15% aqueous NaOH. After being stirred at room temperature for x hour, the solid was removed by filtration (or the mixture was filtered
through Celite pad to remove by-product). The filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give crude product. [LiAlH4 反应的经典后处理]
9.3: The mixture was diluted with water (x mL), neutralized with solid K2CO3 until no CO2 was evolved. [适用于酸性反应液的后处理]
9.4: The suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite or silica gel and the pad or filter cake was washed with EtOH (x mL×x). The combined filtrates were concentrated to dryness to give product (x g, x%) as. [适用氢化反应的后处理, 或者难于过滤的反应液的后处理, 但
要注意的是这里需要的是滤液而不是固体才能添加助滤剂]
9.5: The reaction mixture was poured into x mL of ice-water carefully and the organic layer or phase was separated. [产物在有机相里]
9.6: The reaction mixture was poured into x mL of ice-water carefully and the aqueous phase was washed with Et2O (x mL×x) [产品在水相] and acidified with 1N HCl to pH=3. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration or the resulting solution was extracted with EA
(x mL×x).
9.7: The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with x mL of solvent, dried in vacuum to give or afford product. [这里需要的是固体而不是滤液]
9.8: The reaction mixture was quenched with x mL of saturated aqueous NH4Cl. The resulting solution was extracted with EA (x mL×x). [适用于丁基锂等活泼金属有机物的后处理]
9.10: The residue was triturated with ether and filtered to afford a white solid. (磨碎)
9.11: The crude product was purified by prep. HPLC to give A as a colorless thick oil which was solidified on standing. (静止固化)
9.12: After prep. HPLC purification, the eluent was concentrated or evaporated to remove organic solvents. The residual aqueous solution was lyophilized to give a white solid. (冷冻干
燥)
9.13: After concentration, the crude product was used directly for the next step without purification.
Part 10: 产品的纯化
10.1: The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with PE: EtOAc=10:1 to give product (x g, x%) as yellow solid.
10.2: The crude product was purified by re-crystallization (or recrystallized) from x solvent (x mL).
10.3: The crude product was distilled in vacuum (x oC, x pressure) to afford pure product (x g, x%) as colorless liquid.
10.4: The crude product was pre-purified by column chromatography followed by prep. HPLC purification or re-crystallization to afford pure product.
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